Lookingattoday`sIndia,allthechallengesitfacescoulddatebacktocolonialtimesandeventheearlydaysofIndiancivilization.AtthetimetheBritish-colonizedIndia,manyareaswerestillunderthecontrolofkingsbelongingtodifferentindigenousgroups,andsomewerefunctioningwellbecausetheyhadtheirowntaxationsystems.InChina,asearlyas2,000yearsago,theQinDynasty(221BC-206BC)achievedagrandunificationofthecountryandstartedatransformationfromthefeudalsystemtothecountysystem.

与中国最具可比性的b33F正的大经济体则是印1btm和印度，1966-2000年印尼居民消费增长920%，年均增长6.0%；1978-2016年印度居民消费增长752%，年均增长5.5%。